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<title>Arthur Seyss-Inquart</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Seyss-Inquart <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1940s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>11–13 March 1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Wilhelm Miklas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice-Chancellor</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Edmund_Glaise-Horstenau" title="Edmund Glaise-Horstenau">Edmund Glaise-Horstenau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i><br><a href="Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a> (from 1945)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a></i> of <a href="Austria_under_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria under National Socialism">Austria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>15 March 1938 – 1 May 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="General_Government" title="General Government">Deputy Governor-General of the <br>General Government of Occupied Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>26 October 1939 – 18 May 1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Governor-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> of the <a href="Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>29 May 1940 – 5 May 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Alexander von Falkenhausen</a> (as Military Governor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Additional positions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">April–May 1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)#Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_(1919–1945)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)"><i>Reichsminister</i> of Foreign Affairs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">1939–1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Reichsminister</a></i> <a href="Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">without portfolio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">1938–1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Greater German Reichstag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">March 1938</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Defence (Austria)">Minister of Defence of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">February–March 1938</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Austria)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Austria)">Minister of the Interior of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">1937–1938</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">State Councillor of Austria</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-07-22</span>)</span>22 July 1892<br><a href="Stona%C5%99ov" title="Stonařov">Stannern</a>, Austria-Hungary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-10-16)</span> (aged 54)<br><a href="Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1933–1938)</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (1938–1945)</li></ul>

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Gertrud Maschka</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">

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</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="December 1916">1916</span>)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Seyss-Inquart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Austria-Hungary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1914–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Criminal conviction</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed">Executed</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Conviction" title="Conviction">Convictions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Crimes_of_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a><br><a href="War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a><br><a href="Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Death</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Arthur Seyss-Inquart</b> (<a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Seyß-Inquart</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Austrian German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-AT-fonipa">[ˈartuːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>saɪs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɪŋkvart]</span>; 22 July 1892 – 16 October 1946) was an Austrian <a href="Austrian_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian National Socialism">Nazi</a> politician and <a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">convicted war criminal</a> who served as <a href="Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a> in 1938 for two days before the <i><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i>. His positions in <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> included deputy governor to <a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a> in the <a href="Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">General Government of Occupied Poland</a>, and <i><a href="Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> for the <a href="German-occupied_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="German-occupied Netherlands">German-occupied Netherlands</a>. In the latter role, he shared responsibility for the <a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">deportation of Dutch Jews</a> and the shooting of hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Seyss-Inquart fought for the <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> with distinction. After the war he became a successful lawyer, and went on to join the governments of <a href="Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellors</a> <a href="Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> and <a href="Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a>. In 1938, Schuschnigg resigned in the face of a German invasion, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed his successor. The newly installed Nazis proceeded to transfer power to Germany, and Austria subsequently became the German province of <a href="Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a>, with Seyss-Inquart as its governor (<i>Reichsstatthalter</i>).

</p><p>During <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Seyss-Inquart served briefly as the Deputy Governor General in <a href="General_Government" title="General Government">occupied Poland</a> and, following the fall of the <a href="Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> in 1940, he was appointed <i><a href="Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> of the <a href="Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">occupied Netherlands</a>. He was a member of the <i><a href="Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) and held the rank of SS-<i><a href="Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i>. He instituted a reign of terror, with Dutch civilians subjected to forced labour and the vast majority of Dutch Jews deported and murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At the <a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, Seyss-Inquart was found guilty of <a href="War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, sentenced to death, and <a href="Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">executed</a> by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

<p>Seyss-Inquart was born in 1892 in <a href="Stona%C5%99ov" title="Stonařov">Stannern</a> (<a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Stonařov</i>), a German-speaking village in the neighbourhood of the predominantly German-speaking town of <a href="Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Iglau</a> (<a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Jihlava</i>). This area constituted a German linguistic island in the midst of a Czech-speaking region; this may have contributed to the outspoken national consciousness of the family, and the young Arthur in particular. Iglau was an important town in <a href="Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, one of the <a href="Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech provinces</a> of the <a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, in which there was increasing rivalry between <a href="Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and <a href="Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>. His parents were the school principal Emil Zajtich (who changed his surname to Seyss-Inquart) and Augusta Hirenbach. His father was Czech and his mother was German.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The family moved to <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1907. Seyss-Inquart later studied <a href="Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">law</a> at the <a href="University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. At the beginning of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in August 1914 Seyss-Inquart enlisted with the <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austrian Army</a> and was given a commission with the <a href="German_Tyrol" title="German Tyrol">Tyrolean</a> <i>Kaiserjäger</i>, subsequently serving in <a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Russia</a>, <a href="Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romania</a> and <a href="Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italy</a>. He was decorated for bravery on a number of occasions, and while recovering from wounds in 1917, he completed his final examinations for his degree. Seyss-Inquart had five older siblings: Hedwig (born 1881), Richard (born 3 April 1883, became a Roman Catholic priest, but left the priesthood, married in a civil ceremony and became <i>Oberregierungsrat</i> [senior government counsel] and prison superior by 1940 in the <a href="Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a>), Irene (born 1885), Henriette (born 1887) and Robert (born 1891).

</p><p>In 1911, Seyss-Inquart met Gertrud Maschka. The couple married in December 1916 and had three children: Ingeborg Carolina Augusta Seyss-Inquart (born 18 September 1917), Richard Seyss-Inquart (born 22 August 1921) and Dorothea Seyss-Inquart (born 7 May 1928).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_and_the_Anschluss">Political career and the <i>Anschluss</i></h2></div>

<p>Seyss-Inquart went into law after the war and in 1921 set up his own practice. During the early years of the <a href="Austrian_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian First Republic">Austrian First Republic</a>, he was close to the <a href="Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a>. A successful lawyer, Seyss-Inquart was invited to join the <a href="Cabinet_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (politics)">cabinet</a> of Chancellor <a href="Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> in 1933. Following Dollfuss' murder in 1934, he became a State Councillor from 1937 under <a href="Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a>. A keen mountaineer, Seyss-Inquart became the head of the German-Austrian Alpine Club. He later became a devotee of <a href="Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s concepts of racial purity and sponsored various expeditions to <a href="Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and other parts of Asia in hopes of proving <a href="Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan racial concepts</a> and theories. Seyss-Inquart was not initially a member of the <a href="Austrian_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian National Socialism">Austrian National Socialist</a> party, though he was sympathetic to many of their views and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938, however, Seyss-Inquart knew which way the political wind was blowing and became a respectable frontman for the Austrian National Socialists.

</p>

<p>In February 1938, Seyss-Inquart was appointed Austrian <a href="Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Austria)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Austria)">Minister of the Interior</a> by Schuschnigg, after Hitler had threatened Schuschnigg with military actions against Austria in the event of non-compliance. On 11 March 1938, faced with a German invasion aimed at preventing a <a href="Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on independence, Schuschnigg resigned as Austrian Chancellor. Under growing pressure from Berlin, President <a href="Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Wilhelm Miklas</a> reluctantly appointed Seyss-Inquart his successor. On the next day, German troops crossed the border of Austria at the <a href="Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphed</a> invitation of Seyss-Inquart. This telegram had actually been drafted beforehand and was released after the troops had begun to march, so as to justify the action in the eyes of the international community. Before his triumphant entry into <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Hitler had planned to leave Austria as a pro-Nazi puppet state headed by Seyss-Inquart. However, the acclamation for the German army from the majority of the Austrian population led Hitler to change course and opt for a full <i><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i>, in which Austria was incorporated into <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as the province of <a href="Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a>. Only then, on 13 March 1938, did Seyss-Inquart join the Nazi Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Judseyss_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judseyss-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head_of_Ostmark_and_Southern_Poland">Head of Ostmark and Southern Poland</h2></div>

<p>Seyss-Inquart drafted the legislative act reducing Austria to a province of Germany and signed it into law on 13 March. With Hitler's approval, he became Governor (<i><a href="Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a></i>) of the newly named Ostmark, thus becoming Hitler's personal representative in Austria. <a href="Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> served as chief minister and <a href="Josef_Burckel" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Burckel">Josef Burckel</a> as Commissioner for the Reunion of Austria (concerned with the "Jewish Question"). On 10 April 1938, Seyss-Inquart was elected as a deputy to the <i><a href="Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a></i> from Ostmark and would retain this seat until May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received an honorary <a href="SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> rank of <i><a href="Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i> and in May 1939 he was made a <i><a href="Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Reichsminister</a></i> <a href="Minister_without_Portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister without Portfolio">without Portfolio</a> in <a href="Cabinet_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Hitler">Hitler's cabinet</a>. Almost as soon as he took office, he ordered the confiscation of Jewish property and sent Jews to concentration camps. Late in his regime, he collaborated in the deportation of Jews from Austria.

</p><p>Following the invasion of <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 1939, Seyss-Inquart was named as the <a href="Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Chief of Civil Administration</a> for Southern Poland, but did not take up that post before the <a href="General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> was created, in which he became Deputy to the <a href="Governor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General">Governor General</a> <a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, remaining in this position until 18 May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fully supported the heavy-handed policies put into effect by Frank, including persecution of Jews. He was also aware of the <i><a href="Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s murder of Polish intellectuals.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reichskommissar_in_the_Netherlands">Reichskommissar in the Netherlands</h2></div>

<p>Following the capitulation of the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> on 15 May 1940, Seyss-Inquart was appointed <i><a href="Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> for the Occupied Netherlands. He directed the civil administration, imposed complete economic subordination to Germany, and carried out Nazi policies. In April 1941, he was promoted to SS-<i><a href="Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Dutch people he was mockingly referred to as "<i>Zes en een kwart</i>" ("six and a quarter"), a play on his name, and the fact that Seyss-Inquart suffered from a limp. He supported the Dutch <a href="National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">NSB</a> and allowed them to create the paramilitary <i><a href="Nederlandse_Landwacht" title="Nederlandse Landwacht">Nederlandse Landwacht</a></i>, which acted as an auxiliary police force. Other political parties were banned in late 1941 and many former government officials were imprisoned at <a href="Kamp_Sint-Michielsgestel" title="Kamp Sint-Michielsgestel">Kamp Sint-Michielsgestel</a>. The administration of the country was controlled by Seyss-Inquart and he answered directly to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-OSS_Biography_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSS_Biography-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He oversaw the politicisation of cultural groups from the <a href="Nederlandsche_Kultuurkamer" title="Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer">Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer</a> "right down to the chessplayers' club", and set up a number of other politicised associations.

</p><p>He introduced measures to combat resistance, and when there was a widespread strike in <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> and <a href="Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a> in May 1943, special <a href="Summary_court-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary court-martial">summary court-martial</a> procedures were brought in, and a collective fine of 18 million <a href="Guilder" title="Guilder">guilders</a> was imposed. During the occupation, Seyss-Inquart authorized about 800 executions, although some reports put the total at over 1,500. These included executions under the so-called "Hostage Law", the killing of political prisoners who were close to being liberated, the <a href="Putten_raid" title="Putten raid">Putten raid</a>, and the reprisal executions of 117 Dutchmen for the attack on SS and Police Leader <a href="Hanns_Albin_Rauter" title="Hanns Albin Rauter">Hanns Albin Rauter</a>. Although the majority of Seyss-Inquart's powers were transferred to the military commander in the Netherlands and the <a href="Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> in July 1944, he remained a force to be reckoned with. It is thought he met with <a href="Haj_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj Amin al-Husseini">Haj Amin al-Husseini</a>, an exiled leader of Palestinian Arabs, <a href="Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a>, somewhere in Germany in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There were three <a href="Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> in the Netherlands: the smaller <a href="Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">KZ Herzogenbusch</a> near <a href="Vught" title="Vught">Vught</a>, <a href="Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Kamp Amersfoort</a> near <a href="Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>, and <a href="Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork transit camp</a> (a "Jewish assembly camp"); there were a number of other camps variously controlled by the military, the police, the SS, or Seyss-Inquart's administration. These included a "voluntary labour recruitment" camp at <a href="Ommen" title="Ommen">Ommen</a> (<a href="Kamp_Erika" title="Kamp Erika">Camp Erika</a>). In total around 530,000 Dutch civilians were forced to work for the Germans, of whom 250,000 were sent to factories in Germany. There was an unsuccessful attempt by Seyss-Inquart to send only workers aged 21 to 23 to Germany, and he refused demands in 1944 for a further 250,000 Dutch workers and in that year sent only 12,000 people.

</p>

<p>Seyss-Inquart was an unwavering <a href="Anti-Semite" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semite">anti-Semite</a>; within a few months of his arrival in the Netherlands, he took measures to remove Jews from the government, the press and leading positions in industry. Anti-Jewish measures intensified after 1941: approximately 140,000 Jews were registered, a "ghetto" was created in Amsterdam and a transit camp was set up at <a href="Westerbork_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerbork concentration camp">Westerbork</a>. In February 1941, 600 Jews were sent to <a href="Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, a concentration camp located within Germany's borders, and to <a href="Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a>, located in Upper Austria. Later, the Dutch Jews were sent to <a href="Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, the notorious complex operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland. As Allied forces approached in September 1944, the remaining Jews at Westerbork were removed to <a href="Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt</a>, the SS-established concentration camp/ghetto in the Nazi German-occupied region of Czechoslovakia. Of the 140,000 registered, only 30,000 <a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch Jews</a> survived the war.

</p><p>When the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> advanced into the Netherlands in late 1944, the Nazi regime had attempted to enact a <a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy, and some docks and harbours were destroyed. Seyss-Inquart, however, was in agreement with Armaments Minister <a href="Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> over the futility of such actions, and with the open connivance of many military commanders, they greatly limited the implementation of the scorched-earth orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Judseyss_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judseyss-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At the very end of the Dutch "<a href="Dutch_famine_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944">hunger winter</a>" in April 1945, Seyss-Inquart was with difficulty persuaded by the Allies to allow airplanes to <a href="Operations_Manna_and_Chowhound" title="Operations Manna and Chowhound">drop food for the starving Dutch civilians of the occupied north-west of the country</a>. Although he knew the war was lost, Seyss-Inquart did not want to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Before Hitler committed suicide in April 1945, he named a new government headed by Grand Admiral <a href="Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> in his <a href="Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">last will and testament</a>, in which Seyss-Inquart replaced <a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, who had long since fallen out of favour, as Foreign Minister. It was a token of the high regard Hitler felt for his Austrian comrade, at a time when he was rapidly disowning or being abandoned by so many of his other key lieutenants. Unsurprisingly, at such a late stage in the war, Seyss-Inquart failed to achieve anything in his new office.

</p><p>He remained in his posts until 5 May 1945, when, after a meeting with Dönitz to confirm his rescission of the scorched earth orders, he was arrested on the <a href="Elbbr%C3%BCcken_(Hamburg)" title="Elbbrücken (Hamburg)">Elbe Bridge</a> in <a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> by two soldiers of the <a href="Royal_Welch_Fusiliers" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">Royal Welch Fusiliers</a>, one of whom was Norman Miller (birth name: Norbert Mueller), a German Jew from Nuremberg who had escaped to Britain at the age of 15 on a <i><a href="Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Dutch art dealer <a href="Edward_Speelman" title="Edward Speelman">Edward Speelman</a> was also involved in Seyss-Inquart's arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuremberg_trials">Nuremberg trials</h2></div>

<p>At the <a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, Seyss-Inquart was defended by Gustav Steinbauer and faced four charges: conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity.

</p><p>During the trial, <a href="Gustave_Gilbert" title="Gustave Gilbert">Gustave Gilbert</a>, an American army psychologist, was allowed to examine the Nazi leaders who were tried at Nuremberg for war crimes. Among other tests, a German version of the <a href="Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler-Bellevue</a> <a href="IQ_test" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ test">IQ test</a> was administered. Arthur Seyss-Inquart scored 141, the second highest among the defendants, behind <a href="Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>.

</p><p>In his final statement, Seyss-Inquart denied knowledge of various war crimes including the shooting of hostages, and said that while he had moral objections to the deportation of Jews, there must sometimes be justifications for mass evacuations, and pointed to the <a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Allies forcibly resettling millions of Germans after the war</a>. He added that his "conscience was untroubled" as he improved the conditions of the Dutch people while <a href="Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Commissioner</a>. Seyss-Inquart concluded by saying, "My last word is the principle by which I have always acted and to which I will adhere to my last breath: I believe in Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Seyss-Inquart was acquitted of conspiracy, but convicted on all other counts and sentenced to death by hanging. The final judgment against him cited his involvement in harsh suppression of Nazi opponents and atrocities against the Jews during all his billets, but particularly stressed his reign of terror in the Netherlands. It was these atrocities that sent him to the gallows.

</p><p>Upon hearing of his death sentence, Seyss-Inquart was fatalistic: "Death by hanging... well, in view of the whole situation, I never expected anything different. It's all right."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Before his execution, Seyss-Inquart returned to the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, receiving absolution in the sacrament of <a href="Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">confession</a> from <a href="Prison_chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison chaplain">prison chaplain</a> Father Bruno Spitzl.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Seyss-Inquart was hanged in Nuremberg Prison on 16 October 1946, at the age of 54, together with nine other Nuremberg defendants. He was the last to mount the scaffold, and his <a href="Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a> were the following: "I hope that this execution is the last act of the tragedy of the Second World War and that the lesson taken from this world war will be that peace and understanding should exist between peoples. I believe in Germany."

</p><p>His body, with those of the other nine executed men and that of <a href="Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> (who had committed suicide the previous day), was cremated at the <a href="Ostfriedhof_(Munich)" title="Ostfriedhof (Munich)">Ostfriedhof</a> in <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and their ashes were scattered into the River <a href="Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvell2011393_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvell2011393-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Doris_Orgel" title="Doris Orgel">Doris Orgel</a>'s children's novel, <i>The Devil in Vienna</i>, the narrator refers to Seyss-Inquart’s rise as she observes the changing political atmosphere in her Vienna. In <a href="Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger</a>'s movie <i><a href="The_Cardinal" title="The Cardinal">The Cardinal</a></i>, Seyss-Inquart is played by <a href="Erik_Frey" title="Erik Frey">Erik Frey</a>.

</p><p>In the Manga <a href="Hellsing" title="Hellsing">Hellsing</a> (and its anime adaptation Hellsing Ultimate) the Major names one of his Zeppelins for Seyss-Inquart.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Register_of_SS-Leaders_in_general%E2%80%99s_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Register of SS-Leaders in general’s rank">List of SS-Obergruppenführer</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">The Holocaust in the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Kajetan_M%C3%BChlmann" title="Kajetan Mühlmann">Kajetan Mühlmann</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/arthur-seyss-inquart">"Arthur Seyss-Inquart"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGerard.2004" class="citation book cs1">Gerard., Aalders (2004). <i>Nazi looting : the plunder of Dutch Jewry during the Second World War</i>. Berg. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85973-722-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53223516">53223516</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/11/nazis-nuremberg-executed-hermann-goring">"Final moments of Nazis executed at Nuremberg"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 11 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg-trial-judgements-arthur-seyss-inquart">"Nuremberg Trial Judgements: Arthur Seyss-Inquart"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/GERseyss.htm">"Arthur Seyss-Inquart : Nazi Germany"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Louis_Leo_Snyder" title="Louis Leo Snyder">Snyder, Louis L.</a> (1976). <i>Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. McGraw-Hill. p. 320.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Judseyss-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judseyss_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judseyss_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judseyss.asp">"Judgement : Seyss-Inquart"</a>. <a href="Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">The Avalon Project</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/selectmaske.html?pnd=118764934&recherche=ja">Arthur Seyss-Inquart entry</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/"><i>Reichstag</i> Members Database</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-V.pdf">Positions Held by Seyss-Inquart, Document 2910-PS, p. 579</a> in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol.V, Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, 1946, Retrieved 3 January 2021.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBiondi2000" class="citation book cs1">Biondi, Robert (2000). <i>SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942)</i>. <a href="Schiffer_Publishing" title="Schiffer Publishing">Schiffer Publishing</a>. p. 7. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0764310614</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OSS_Biography-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSS_Biography_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143001/http://hydrastg.library.cornell.edu/fedora/objects/nur:01572/datastreams/pdf/content">"Biographical Sketch: Seyss-Inquart, Arthur"</a>. <i>Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection</i>. <a href="Cornell_University_Law_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University Law Library">Cornell University Law Library</a> / <a href="Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> Research and Analysis Branch. 27 August 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydrastg.library.cornell.edu/fedora/objects/nur:01572/datastreams/pdf/content">the original</a> on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAderet2017" class="citation web cs1">Aderet, Ofer (15 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209054357/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/MAGAZINE-revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany-1.5483980">"Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany"</a>. <i><a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. Tel Aviv, Israel: Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd (Haaretz Group). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/MAGAZINE-revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany-1.5483980">the original</a> on 9 February 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_L._ColesAlbert_K._Weinberg1964" class="citation web cs1">Harry L. Coles; Albert K. Weinberg (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141746/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/civaff/ch28.htm">"Chapter XXVIII: Piecemeal Liberation of the Netherlands Amid Serious Civilian Distress"</a>. <i>United States Army in World War II: Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors</i>. <a href="U.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Center of Military History">U.S. Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/civaff/ch28.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite>. Cf. also <a href="Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, <i><a href="Crusade_in_Europe" title="Crusade in Europe">Crusade in Europe</a></i>, London: Heinemann, 1949 (third printing), p. 455</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Flash (A Fortnightly Edition Published by The Royal Welch Fusiliers), 10 December 1945, Front Page</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80012225">"Speelman, Edward Joseph (Oral history)"</a>. <i>Imperial War Museums</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTom" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/over-het-rkd/actueel/nieuws/838-max-j-friedlanders-bevrijdende-zomer-van-1945">"Max J. Friedländers bevrijdende zomer van 1945"</a>. <i>RKD Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Niet minder opgetogen was hij over de ontvangst van de Engelse uitgave van zijn boek Von Kunst und Kennerschaft uit handen van de Engelse kunsthandelaar Edward Speelman. Het manuscript, dat door Bruno Cassirer stiekem mee naar Engeland was genomen en daar in 1942 als On Art and Connoisseurship was uitgegeven, kreeg Friedländer nu voor het eerst onder ogen. Wat de overhandiging extra bijzonder maakte, was het feit dat Speelman, die tijdens de oorlog in het Britse leger had gediend, een belangrijke rol had gespeeld bij de arrestatie van Arthur Seyss-Inquart, de voormalige Rijkscommissaris van het bezette Nederland.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/articles/4571/Final-statement-Arthur-Seyss-Inquart.htm">"Final statement Arthur Seyss-Inquart"</a>. <i><a href="TracesOfWar.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TracesOfWar.com">TracesOfWar.com</a></i> (in Dutch). <a href="STIWOT" title="STIWOT">STIWOT</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="G._M._Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="G. M. Gilbert">G. M. Gilbert</a>, <i>Nuremberg Diary</i> (1947), Farrar Straus, page 433.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDoino2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Doino, William Jr. (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/the-saint-who-captivated-the-secular-world/">"The saint who captivated the secular world"</a>. <i><a href="Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Darnstädt2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas Darnstädt (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39916258.html">"Ein Glücksfall der Geschichte"</a>, <i><a href="Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, 13 September (in German), vol. 14, no. 14, p. 128</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvell2011393-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvell2011393_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvell2011">Manvell 2011</a>, p. 393.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvery2001">Overy 2001</a>, p. 205.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDieter_A._Binder2010" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dieter A. Binder (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0008/bsb00085893/images/index.html?seite=326">"Seyss-Inquart, Arthur"</a>. <i><a href="Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 24. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">302–</span>303</cite>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118764934.html">full text online</a>).</li>

<li>Dieter A. Binder: "<span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_12/213.pdf">Seyss-Inquart Arthur</a></span>". In: <i><a href="%C3%96sterreichisches_Biographisches_Lexikon_1815%E2%80%931950" title="Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950">Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950</a></i> (ÖBL). Vol. 12, <a href="Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a>, Vienna 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-7001-3580-7</bdi>, p. 213 f. (Direct links to "<span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_12/213.pdf">p. 213</a></span>", "<span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_12/214.pdf">p. 214</a></span>")</li>

<li>Graf, Wolfgang: <i>Österreichische SS-Generäle. Himmlers verlässliche Vasallen.</i> Hermagoras-Verlag, Klagenfurt/Ljubljana/Wien 2012, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-7086-0578-4</bdi>.</li>

<li>Koll, Johannes: <i>Arthur Seyß-Inquart und die deutsche Besatzungspolitik in den Niederlanden (1940–1945)</i>. Böhlau, Wien [u. a.] 2015, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-205-79660-2</bdi>.</li>

<li>Koll, Johannes: <i>From the Habsburg Empire to the Third Reich: Arthur Seyß-Inquart and National Socialism.</i> In: <a href="G%C3%BCnter_Bischof" title="Günter Bischof">Günter Bischof</a>, Fritz Plasser, Eva Maltschnig (Hrsg.): <i>Austrian Lives</i> (= Contemporary Austrian Studies, Bd. 21). University of New Orleans Press/Innsbruck University Press, New Orleans/Innsbruck 2012, S. 123–146, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-902811-61-5</bdi>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFManvell2011" class="citation book cs1">Manvell, Roger (2011). <i>Goering : the rise and fall of the notorious Nazi leader</i>. London: Frontline Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61608-109-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/787859366">787859366</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOvery2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard J.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interrogationsna00rich"><i>Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945</i></a>. New York: Viking. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-670-03008-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Zebhauser, Helmuth: <i>Alpinismus im Hitlerstaat. Gedanken, Erinnerungen, Dokumente.</i> Dokumente des Alpinismus, Band 1. Rother, München 1998, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-7633-8102-3</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/selectmaske.html?pnd=118764934&recherche=ja">Information about Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> in the Reichstag database</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007127">Arthur Seyss-Inquart at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li>

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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016404">Newspaper clippings about Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> in the <a href="20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland697" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland697" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt>Main article</dt>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd>

<dt>Related articles by country</dt>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li>

<li><a href="Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li>

<li><a href="Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li>

<li><a href="Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li>

<li><a href="Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li>

<li><a href="Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li>

<li><a href="Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li>

<li><a href="Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li>

<li><a href="Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li>

<li><a href="Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li>

<li><a href="Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li>

<li><a href="Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li>

<li>Danzig-Matzkau</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li>

<li><a href="Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li>

<li><a href="Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li>

<li><a href="Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li>

<li><a href="Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li>

<li><a href="Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li>

<li><a href="W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li>

<li><a href="Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li>

<li><a href="Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li>

<li><a href="Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li>

<li><a href="Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li>

<li><a href="Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li>

<li><a href="Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li>

<li><a href="Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li>

<li><a href="Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li>

<li><a href="Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li>

<li><a href="Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li>

<li><a href="Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li>

<li><a href="Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li>

<li><a href="Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li>

<li><a href="Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br>executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li>

<li><a href="Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li>

<li><a href="Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li>

<li><a href="Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li>

<li><a href="Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li>

<li><a href="Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li>

<li><a href="Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li>

<li><a href="Juana_Bormann" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li>

<li><a href="Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li>

<li><a href="Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li>

<li><a href="Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li>

<li><a href="Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li>

<li><a href="Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li>

<li><a href="Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li>

<li><a href="Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Sobibor</li>

<li>Treblinka</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li>

<li><a href="Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li>

<li><a href="Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li>

<li><a href="Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li>

<li><a href="Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li>

<li><a href="Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li>

<li><a href="Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li>

<li><a href="Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li>

<li><a href="Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li>

<li><a href="Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li>

<li><a href="Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li>

<li><a href="Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li>

<li><a href="Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Kraków</li>

<li>Warsaw</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Auschwitz</li>

<li>Bełżec</li>

<li>Gross-Rosen</li>

<li>Izbica</li>

<li>Majdanek</li>

<li>Sobibór</li>

<li>Soldau</li>

<li>Stutthof</li>

<li>Trawniki</li>

<li>Treblinka</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li>

<li><a href="H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li>

<li><a href="H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li>

<li><a href="Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li>

<li><a href="Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li>

<li><a href="Witold's_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland%2C_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li>

<li><a href="Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li>

<li><a href="March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_Austria173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chancellors_of_Austria173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellors of Austria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="First_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of Austria">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Mayr" title="Michael Mayr">Michael Mayr</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Schober" title="Johannes Schober">Johannes Schober</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Breisky" title="Walter Breisky">Walter Breisky</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Schober" title="Johannes Schober">Johannes Schober</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Ignaz Seipel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Ramek" title="Rudolf Ramek">Rudolf Ramek</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Ignaz Seipel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Streeruwitz" title="Ernst Streeruwitz">Ernst Streeruwitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Schober" title="Johannes Schober">Johannes Schober</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Vaugoin" title="Carl Vaugoin">Carl Vaugoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_Ender" title="Otto Ender">Otto Ender</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Buresch" title="Karl Buresch">Karl Buresch</a></li>

<li><a href="Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a></li>

<li><a href="Leopold_Figl" title="Leopold Figl">Leopold Figl</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Julius Raab</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfons_Gorbach" title="Alfons Gorbach">Alfons Gorbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Klaus" title="Josef Klaus">Josef Klaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Sinowatz" title="Fred Sinowatz">Fred Sinowatz</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Klima" title="Viktor Klima">Viktor Klima</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Wolfgang Schüssel</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Gusenbauer" title="Alfred Gusenbauer">Alfred Gusenbauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Werner_Faymann" title="Werner Faymann">Werner Faymann</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Reinhold_Mitterlehner" title="Reinhold Mitterlehner">Reinhold Mitterlehner</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Kern" title="Christian Kern">Christian Kern</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Hartwig_L%C3%B6ger" title="Hartwig Löger">Hartwig Löger</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Brigitte_Bierlein" title="Brigitte Bierlein">Brigitte Bierlein</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Schallenberg" title="Alexander Schallenberg">Alexander Schallenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Alexander_Schallenberg" title="Alexander Schallenberg">Alexander Schallenberg</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Stocker" title="Christian Stocker">Christian Stocker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate interim officeholders.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials1756" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials1756" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major defendants at the <a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">Sentenced to death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a><sup>1</sup></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a><sup>2</sup></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Imprisoned <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(terms)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(10 years)</span></li>

<li><a href="Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(life)</span></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(life)</span></li>

<li><a href="Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(15 years)</span></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(life)</span></li>

<li><a href="Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(20 years)</span></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(20 years)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Acquitted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">No decision</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach" title="Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach">Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach</a><sup>3</sup></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div style="font-size: 92%">

<ul><li><sup>1</sup> <i><a href="Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">In absentia</a></i>. Remains discovered in Berlin in 1972 and conclusively identified in 1998; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 1945</li>

<li><sup>2</sup> Committed suicide on 15 October 1946 before sentence could be carried out</li>

<li><sup>3</sup> Found unfit to stand trial</li>

<li><sup>4</sup> Committed suicide on 25 October 1945</li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_ministers_of_Germany1197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Foreign_ministers_of_Germany1197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1871–1918) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hermann_von_Thile" title="Hermann von Thile">Thile</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Ludwig_von_Balan" title="Hermann Ludwig von Balan">Balan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard Ernst von Bülow">B. E. von Bülow</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Maria_von_Radowitz_Jr." title="Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr.">Radowitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlodwig%2C_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_zu_Limburg-Stirum" title="Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum">Limburg-Stirum</a></li>

<li><a href="Clemens_Busch" title="Clemens Busch">Busch</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_von_Hatzfeldt" title="Paul von Hatzfeldt">Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_von_Bismarck" title="Herbert von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Marschall_von_Bieberstein" title="Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein">Marschall</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">B. von Bülow</a></li>

<li><a href="Oswald_von_Richthofen" title="Oswald von Richthofen">Richthofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_von_Tschirschky" title="Heinrich von Tschirschky">Tschirschky-Bögendorff</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_von_Schoen" title="Wilhelm von Schoen">Schoen</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_von_Kiderlen-Waechter" title="Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter">Kiderlen-Waechter</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottlieb_von_Jagow" title="Gottlieb von Jagow">Jagow</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann" title="Richard von Kühlmann">Kühlmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Hintze</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1918–33) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician%2C_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Müller</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_K%C3%B6ster" title="Adolf Köster">Köster</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Simons" title="Walter Simons">Simons</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Rosen" title="Friedrich Rosen">Rosen</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Wirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_von_Rosenberg" title="Hans von Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Curtius</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Brüning</a></li>

<li><a href="Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1933–45) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a><span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"><sup>1</sup> (1949–90) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georg_Dertinger" title="Georg Dertinger">Dertinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Anton_Ackermann" title="Anton Ackermann">Ackermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_Winzer" title="Otto Winzer">Winzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Oskar_Fischer_(politician)" title="Oskar Fischer (politician)">O. Fischer</a></li>

<li><a href="Markus_Meckel" title="Markus Meckel">Meckel</a></li>

<li><a href="Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">de Maizière</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1949–present) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">von Brentano</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li>

<li><a href="Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li>

<li><a href="Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li>

<li>Genscher</li>

<li><a href="Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Kinkel</a></li>

<li><a href="Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">J. Fischer</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Steinmeier</a></li>

<li><a href="Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li>

<li>Steinmeier</li>

<li><a href="Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>

<li><a href="Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Baerbock</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Wadephul" title="Johann Wadephul">Wadephul</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%"><div><sup>1</sup> East Germany</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><b>Deputy Führer:</b> <a href="Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>:</b> <a href="Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority<br>equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>:</b> <a href="Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>:</b> <a href="Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650219#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650219#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066775336">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52485312">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/409959">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRKpK8CXmGYtMKkBCmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118764934">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97079764">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12425459h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12425459h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0076591&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070434891">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90142969">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268076105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118764934.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118764934">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033383391">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575550">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jr74hd">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/51011584">RISM</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/be2900c4-1816-4d52-a88c-52ad69b22e1f">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Arthur_Seyss-Inquart&oldid=1302624226">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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